The instructional design process is usually based on one of many design theory models. This course explores the dominant models including ADDIE, Dick and Carey, Rapid Prototyping, and others. A practical and hands on course students will design instructional experiences that integrate current technology, a variety of media, and best practices.Freelance Instructional Designer. My teacher-to-instructional-designer journey began two years ago when I left my teaching comfort zone and started my first freelance ID job. Now, I’m stepping out of the classroom and taking my freelance work full-time, so I’m thrilled to be joining the Tech Accelerator program.The average pay for an instructional designer in the U.S. is $90,369 per year. The salary range for an instructional designer is $72,766 per year to $112,584 per year. To earn a higher salary, look for lead positions in large corporations.Instructional design, also known as instructional systems development (ISD) is the process of creating and delivering instructional materials and experiences. The goal of instructional design is to support learning by building tailored experiences that carefully consider which materials, technologies, and methods will be most appropriate to ...ASSURE. The ASSURE model is an ISD (Instructional Systems Design) process that was modified to be used by teachers in the regular classroom The ISD process is one in which teachers and trainers can use to design and develop the most appropriate learning environment for their students. You can use this process in writing your lesson …Instructional design, development, facilitation, assessment, evaluation, communication, problem-solving, and interpersonal skills. Learning theory also guides ethical decision-making when engaged in the creation of a wide-array of learning solutions. Professionals must also stay abreast in emerging learning technologies and should possess both ...16 Dec 2020 ... View the updated, in-depth guide to becoming an instructional designer here: https://youtu.be/5mjPi463TcU In this video, we'll dive into the ...Instructional design is a systematic process that involves planning educational experiences to meet specific learning objectives. It’s all about finding the …Instructional Designer – median salary of $71,081 per year. IDs are expected to oversee the effectiveness of instructional and training solutions, from a high-level project management approach down to individual course and curriculum design. Responsibilities include analyzing data, working with subject matter experts, designing instructional ...16 Dec 2020 ... View the updated, in-depth guide to becoming an instructional designer here: https://youtu.be/5mjPi463TcU In this video, we'll dive into the ...When it comes to using your Kenmore appliance effectively and efficiently, the instruction manual is your best friend. It provides you with all the necessary information and guidan...Instructional Designer – median salary of $71,081 per year. IDs are expected to oversee the effectiveness of instructional and training solutions, from a high-level project management approach down to individual course and curriculum design. Responsibilities include analyzing data, working with subject matter experts, designing instructional ...This is our list of 13 of the most in-demand and exciting instructional design careers that are hiring right now, with positions available for candidates both with and …Instructional design is the creation of instructional materials for any type of learning group, from grade school students to adult employees. It considers how educational tools should be designed, created and …Instructional design is a term used to describe evidence-based strategies and techniques for developing and delivering learning experiences. A learning experience is a broad term that encompasses anything where learning is involved, including courses, presentations, tests and quizzes, and support materials. Behaviorism. Behaviorism is an approach to psychology that focuses completely on external, measurable behaviors. It also dives into the specifics of behavior modification, or conditioning, via rewards and punishments. The behaviorist concept most relevant to instructional design is operant conditioning. User experience (UX) design: Understanding the principles of UX, including user-centeredness and usability, helps an instructional designer create compelling and engaging learning experiences. By incorporating UX techniques, an instructional designer can design for the learners' needs and preferences, resulting in a positive learning …Carpet washers are a great way to keep your carpets looking like new. But if you don’t use them correctly, you won’t get the spotless results you’re looking for. That’s why it’s im...5 Basics Of Learning In Instructional Design. There are 5 elements of learning. Drive. This is a strong drive that makes the learner want to learn. Motivation is the key to learning. Stimulus and cues. They act as actual learning content that makes the learner learn. Together they both facilitate learning.Design: During the design phase, instructional designers take everything they learned during the analysis phase and start planning and structuring the content. This includes the project’s learning activities, exercises, assessments, visual design, and interface design. The document produced during this phase of development detailing all these ...Instructional Design Process. Here are the steps you need to follow when designing instructional learning material for your students or employees. Step 1: Conduct a needs analysis to identify the needs of your target …Learn the process of instructional design, a process by which learning needs are analysed and engaging learning experiences are developed. Explore learning theories, books, and resources on …Whether you’re a new owner of a Citizen watch or have been wearing one for years, it’s essential to understand the ins and outs of your timepiece. That’s where the Citizen Instruct...Educators, instructional designers, and human resources professionals are all challenged to deliver training materials in creative and innovative ways. With your online graduate certificate in instructional design, you’ll be poised to work with students, coworkers and new hires in corporate, industry, and educational settings.In the dynamic landscape of education and training, Instructional Design (ID) stands as a beacon guiding the creation of effective learning experiences. Whether in the realm of academia, corporate training, or online courses, the principles of Instructional Design play a pivotal role in shaping how information is presented and absorbed.The University of Cincinnati’s Master of Education in Instructional Design and Technology is an online program focusing on the design, development, and evaluation of instructional materials and programs, and the use of technology in the delivery of educational and training services. The University of Cincinnati’s CECH School of …The Instructional Design competencies have been identified by the IBSPI (International Board of Standards for Training, Performance, and Instruction) and although this isn’t an exhaustive list, key skills can be broadly categorized under Professional foundations, Planning & Analysis, Design & Development, and Implementation & … Instructional Design Services. ATS Instructional Designers support faculty in the use of technology to deliver dynamic and engaging learning experiences for students. Whether you are developing new courses or seeking enhancements to existing courses, Instructional Designers are available to assist you. To connect with the Instructional Designer ... Instructional Design is also developing and organizing materials, resources, activities, and assessments based on instructional theory and best practices from the field which include the research of how people learn; knowing when to use particular instructional strategies in the course of a learning event; identifying tools that are best suited ...Instructional design is the process by which learning products, such as online courses, and experiences are designed, developed, and delivered. Behaviorism. Behaviorism is an approach to psychology that focuses completely on external, measurable behaviors. It also dives into the specifics of behavior modification, or conditioning, via rewards and punishments. The behaviorist concept most relevant to instructional design is operant conditioning. There are 5 modules in this course. This course, Instructional Design Foundations, introduces learners to the conceptual and theoretical foundations of instructional design as well as the analysis aspect of instructional systems design in order to create an innovative instructional solution to performance problems in organizations.Instructional design is a fully-formed, stand-alone professional discipline focused on teaching and pedagogy. It is a proactive, collaborative approach to conceptualizing and creating learning materials, fostering learner community and inquiry, and empowering learners and teachers to make intentional decisions about what and …If you are looking to install the Morpho driver for your device, you’ve come to the right place. In this ultimate guide, we will provide you with step-by-step instructions on how t...The instructional design team utilizes the learning management system to review the course site, identify problems, find solutions, and perform tasks requested ... Instructional Design is the systematic design of the instructional experience. It can be detailed and rigorous, but it can also be flexible to meet specific needs of an individual educational environment. The goal of instructional design is to make learning as accessible as possible for the learner. The core of the instructional design process ... Instructional Design Services. ATS Instructional Designers support faculty in the use of technology to deliver dynamic and engaging learning experiences for students. Whether you are developing new courses or seeking enhancements to existing courses, Instructional Designers are available to assist you. To connect with the Instructional Designer ... Simultaneously, instructional design is the application of learning science, best practices in curriculum design, creativity, and relevant technologies to bring that vision to life.”. For 15 years, instructional design has been a primary component of Ray’s portfolio of responsibilities in higher education.A: Instructional design is “the process by which learning products and experiences are designed, developed, and delivered. These learning products include online courses, instructional manuals, video tutorials, learning simulations, etc. The terms instructional design, instructional technology, learning experience (LX) design, curriculum ...Instructional design is a systematic approach. The keyword in describing instructional design is systematic. You can watch the video above to get a better idea of what this looks like in practice. There are many different instructional design systems and models. You might not know them by name necessarily, but chances are you’ll probably ...UNC Charlotte's Instructional Design certificate is designed for aspiring instructional designers. Our 3-month program will teach you the essential skills you need to create world-class online courses for corporate or educational use. You'll learn the fundamentals of course design and develop a portfolio of your work to showcase to future ...What is instructional design, what do instructional designers do, and what skills are required? 👉Download the Become an ID Checklist: https://www.devlinpeck...In the dynamic landscape of education and training, Instructional Design (ID) stands as a beacon guiding the creation of effective learning experiences. Whether in the realm of academia, corporate training, or online courses, the principles of Instructional Design play a pivotal role in shaping how information is presented and absorbed.Are you looking for an easy way to track your fitness progress? FitCloudPro is a comprehensive fitness tracking app that can help you stay on top of your goals. With FitCloudPro, y...The University of Cincinnati’s Master of Education in Instructional Design and Technology is an online program focusing on the design, development, and evaluation of instructional materials and programs, and the use of technology in the delivery of educational and training services. The University of Cincinnati’s CECH School of …User experience (UX) design: Understanding the principles of UX, including user-centeredness and usability, helps an instructional designer create compelling and engaging learning experiences. By incorporating UX techniques, an instructional designer can design for the learners' needs and preferences, resulting in a positive learning …Instructional Design Job Outlook. There is a very positive outlook for those who wish to pursue a career in this lucrative field. For instance, as a result of an increase in online learning, the instructional design field is expected to grow at a steady rate of about five to seven percent through 2029.. Those who hold specific titles in the industry are also …Are you excited about getting your new Fire Stick up and running? Look no further. In this article, we will provide you with quick and easy instructions to set up your Fire Stick s...What the instructional designer adds to the process is the experiences of learning and practicing. IDs know how people learn and can implement strategies to help them learn better. If you’re looking for engaging learning activities or ways to make practice closer to real life skills, that’s when you need an ID.Instructional design focuses on the delivery of transformational training and education solutions to develop the skills and knowledge of workers. In addition to using learning and instructional theory to ensure quality of instruction, our IDLT curriculum also integrates human performance improvement. Related coursework examines the specific ...Dec 15, 2019 · 5 Basics Of Learning In Instructional Design. There are 5 elements of learning. Drive. This is a strong drive that makes the learner want to learn. Motivation is the key to learning. Stimulus and cues. They act as actual learning content that makes the learner learn. Together they both facilitate learning. This white paper provides an overview of the growing field of instructional design in higher education, from why the field is growing to how designers are ...The instructional design models provide the designer with a clear process in how to approach designing instruction. The models are based on research and help designers ensure they are solving the right problems and that the training they create is efficient and effective. Here is a list of different models you can explore.Instructional Design: Based on Open Systems Theory 11 vii. viii Contents Instructional Design: Oriented to Finding and Applying the Most Cost-Effective Solutions to Human Performance Problems 13 Criticisms of Traditional Instructional Approaches 14 PART TWO: PLANNING AND ANALYZING FOR INSTRUCTIONALBehaviorism. Behaviorism is an approach to psychology that focuses completely on external, measurable behaviors. It also dives into the specifics of behavior modification, or conditioning, via rewards and punishments. The behaviorist concept most relevant to instructional design is operant conditioning.What the instructional designer adds to the process is the experiences of learning and practicing. IDs know how people learn and can implement strategies to help them learn better. If you’re looking for engaging learning activities or ways to make practice closer to real life skills, that’s when you need an ID.Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are essential documents that provide step-by-step instructions on how to perform specific tasks within an organization. They help streamline pr...Learn the process of instructional design, a process by which learning needs are analysed and engaging learning experiences are developed. Explore learning theories, books, and resources on …An instructional designer’s duties can vary depending on where they work and what type of instructional designer they are. Instructional designers can often be grouped into three main categories. There are instructional designers working in corporate, higher education, and freelance.15 Apr 2020 ... Free Online Instructional Design Courses · Instructional Design Principles for Course Creation · Introduction to Instructional Systems Design ...The master’s in instructional design degree is designed to equip you with the applicable skills to prepare you for implementation upon graduation. You can develop a foundational understanding of the theoretical groundwork of instructional design. Throughout program courses, you will be taught to apply these theories and combine them with ... Instructional Design Services. ATS Instructional Designers support faculty in the use of technology to deliver dynamic and engaging learning experiences for students. Whether you are developing new courses or seeking enhancements to existing courses, Instructional Designers are available to assist you. To connect with the Instructional Designer ... Robert Gagne developed this instructional design framework with the learner’s needs in mind. 6. ARCS model. The ARCS (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction) model is a motivation-based instructional design process. ARCS goals are to encourage learners to analyze information and to sustain their attention during instruction. Instructional designers are paramount in the process of learning. They are tasked with redesigning courses, developing entire courses or curriculums and creating training materials, such as teaching manuals and student guides. The Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) defines the responsibilities of instructional ... Dec 9, 2016 · What is Instructional Design. The Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) defines instructional design as “the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning” (Reiser, 2002, p. 1). Simultaneously, instructional design is the application of learning science, best practices in curriculum design, creativity, and relevant technologies to bring that vision to life.”. For 15 years, instructional design has been a primary component of Ray’s portfolio of responsibilities in higher education. Unpacking instructional design: A gateway to enhanced learning. Instructional design, at its heart, is a systematic, user-focused process aimed at creating dynamic, engaging, and effective educational experiences. Its purpose is twofold: it seeks to simplify the process of learning, while ensuring knowledge retention through the development of ...Our LDIT Program will equip you to work in educational media and technology, instructional design, and curriculum development, to create new learning materials and experiences for preK–12 schools, colleges and universities, 21 st century workplaces, and informal settings. "So much of young people’s learning today takes place out of school ...Science: Instructional Design is the science of creating detailed specifications for the development, implementation, evaluation, and maintenance of situations that facilitate the learning of both large and small units of subject matter at all levels of complexity. Reality: Instructional Design can start at any point in the design …The Instructional Design team seeks to ignite innovative and inspire learning experiences in face-to-face, hybrid and online courses. We partner with The University of Texas at Tyler faculty to improve and design high-impact learning experiences. Collaborate with us on course design, pedagogy and technology to create and deliver an effective ...Learn what instructional design is, how it works, and what models and theories are used to create effective learning experiences. Explore the history, tools, and future of …Learn how to create effective and engaging learning experiences with instructional design (ID), the systematic process of creating educational and training programs. Explore six key principles of …The University of Cincinnati’s Master of Education in Instructional Design and Technology is an online program focusing on the design, development, and evaluation of instructional materials and programs, and the use of technology in the delivery of educational and training services. The University of Cincinnati’s CECH School of …The instructional design process ascertains how to best create and lay out activities for the learner to meet the desired learning objective. The practice of designing instruction through Instructional Design is an old concept, but modern day Instructional Design began during World War II. During World War II, United States military ...Instructional Design: There Are Some Fundamental Things You Need To Know. While there are some learning fields that can be advantageous to ID, like education or graphic design, one of the many splendors of this career is that designers come from a variety of educational and experiential backgrounds. Because the nature of ID is very …Instructional design software includes a host of specialized tools designed to facilitate the development and distribution of learning content and materials. These tools can range from content authoring tools and video editing software all the way through to learning management systems and interactive learning platforms.An instructional manual is a crucial tool for providing step-by-step guidance on how to use a product or perform a task. One of the most significant mistakes when creating an instr... ADDIE is a foundational instructional design methodology that provides a structure for reliably creating effective learning experiences for you and your students. ADDIE stands for: Analyze: This first step in the course design process encourages you to analyze the learning needs of the course by identifying who you anticipate the learners in ... Learn the process of instructional design, a process by which learning needs are analysed and engaging learning experiences are developed. Explore learning theories, books, and resources on …Instructional design students also have access to internship opportunities, alumni connections, and other departmental resources that can put them on the fast-track for landing a job. However, if you already have a master’s degree in some other subject, it’s not necessary to go back to school to get a dedicated instructional design degree.Instructional design
Instructional Design is the strategic process of crafting engaging and effective learning experiences. By focusing on learner needs, incorporating interactivity, and embracing adaptability, this discipline plays a vital role in diverse fields, from corporate training to academia.Simultaneously, instructional design is the application of learning science, best practices in curriculum design, creativity, and relevant technologies to bring that vision to life.”. For 15 years, instructional design has been a primary component of Ray’s portfolio of responsibilities in higher education.Jul 15, 2021 · Instructional designers use this type of assessment to hone design procedures and improve future processes. Teams also perform a summative evaluation, which focuses on the course as a whole. This type of evaluation reviews a learning experience’s design, materials, instructional delivery, and more. If you are looking to install the Morpho driver for your device, you’ve come to the right place. In this ultimate guide, we will provide you with step-by-step instructions on how t...This white paper provides an overview of the growing field of instructional design in higher education, from why the field is growing to how designers are ...From the assessment of needs and the analysis of learning objectives to the rapid-development of instructional materials and their evaluation, the certificate program prepares students to apply the theories, principles, models, tools, and techniques of systematic instructional design in diverse organizational settings.Are you tired of disorganized shelves and messy storage spaces? Look no further than the Dymo LetraTag label maker to simplify your labeling process. With its user-friendly design ...Learn how to use ADDIE, a foundational instructional design methodology, to create and improve your courses. ADDIE stands for Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and … Instructional designers are paramount in the process of learning. They are tasked with redesigning courses, developing entire courses or curriculums and creating training materials, such as teaching manuals and student guides. The Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) defines the responsibilities of instructional ... 16 Dec 2020 ... View the updated, in-depth guide to becoming an instructional designer here: https://youtu.be/5mjPi463TcU In this video, we'll dive into the ... Instructional design is the result of the work and research of a number of great minds. However, much of what we know about instructional design today is credited to Robert M. Gagné, an instructional psychologist. Gagné asserted that. To build an effective learning program, you must institute nine principles of instructional design (often ... Create a story from your presentation. 9. Target Audience. During the course design process, always start with your audience in mind, and use the welcoming part to include the introduction, course objectives, estimated time, and feedback. Add the course sections/modules, the activities within the modules, and the final assessment. A well-documented, theory-based treatment that focuses on instructional design’s application to industry and K-12 education. Offers extensive procedural assistance, emphasizing the foundations and first principles upon which most of the models and procedures in the field are built. An Extended Example (now online) showcases applications of concepts and techniques using a single subject area ... Instructional design is meant to make learning easier and more engaging. There are a number of benefits to focusing on the overall design and visual elements of your training materials. A few of the top benefits include: Consistency across the board for all training documents and all processes when training new employees.The instructional designer need not be focused on applying rigid “rules,” but instead should focus on how to think like an instructional designer while solving design problems. In the spirit of John Carmack’s quote, an instructional designer is, in essence, a type of educational engineer. This chapter, rather than merely walking through ...24 Jul 2023 ... 9 Instructional Design Principles · Principle 1: Gain Attention · Principle 2: Inform Learners of the Objectives · Principle 3: Stimulate Recal...While there are no formal prerequisites for becoming an Instructional Designer, employers may prefer individuals with qualifications in the field, or relevant ...As of Feb 29, 2024, the average annual pay for an Instructional Designer in the United States is $79,711 a year. Just in case you need a simple salary calculator, that works out to be approximately $38.32 an hour. This is the equivalent of $1,532/week or $6,642/month. While ZipRecruiter is seeing annual salaries as high as $124,000 and as low ... Overview. In this dynamic course, you will learn key components of instructional and training system design rooted in various learning and instructional theories behind instructional design. This course will prepare you to work with subject matter experts (SMEs) in selecting, organizing, and developing effective instructional and training content. What is instructional design, what do instructional designers do, and what skills are required? 👉Download the Become an ID Checklist: https://www.devlinpeck...As an instructional designer you need skills in a variety of areas — from pedagogy to writing, visual design to technology. On a project, your role starts with analyzing course or training objectives and the needs of your learners. Next, you design and develop the learning experience, which can involve interviewing faculty or other …Instructional design is the process of identifying the skills, knowledge, information and attitude gaps of a targeted audience and creating or selecting learning experiences that close this gap, based on instructional theory and best practices from the field. Ideally, workplace learning improves employee productivity and value and enhances self ...Instructional Design: Based on Open Systems Theory 11 vii. viii Contents Instructional Design: Oriented to Finding and Applying the Most Cost-Effective Solutions to Human Performance Problems 13 Criticisms of Traditional Instructional Approaches 14 PART TWO: PLANNING AND ANALYZING FOR INSTRUCTIONALWhether you are a beginner or an experienced photographer, getting to know your Canon camera inside and out is essential for capturing stunning images. One valuable resource that o...As an instructional designer you need skills in a variety of areas — from pedagogy to writing, visual design to technology. On a project, your role starts with analyzing course or training objectives and the needs of your learners. Next, you design and develop the learning experience, which can involve interviewing faculty or other …The M.S. and M.Ed. programs are available for on-campus and online delivery, making it possible to attain a master’s 100% online, on-campus, or a combination of both. Online and on-campus students are peers in the same class sessions and experience the same educational opportunities. Courses typically have a few synchronous (live) class ... Instructional Design (ID) is commonly defined as a systematic procedure in which educational and training programs are developed and composed aiming at a substantial improvement of learning (e.g., Reiser & Dempsey, 2007). For L&D professionals looking for a holistic view of instructional design, Gagne’s model might be worth evaluating. Dick and Carey Model. High-quality instruction promotes effective knowledge transference and facilitates the application of knowledge to the workplace. The Dick and Carey model portray the ID process as a curvilinear flow using ...Instructional designers create engaging, effective learning experiences that help people gain the skills they need. From using video in your training to designing the …Instructional design is the process of creating engaging and effective learning experiences. Think back to your favorite teachers – the ones who could make even the most boring topics fascinating.Instructional design is the process of creating engaging and effective learning experiences. Think back to your favorite teachers – the ones who could make even the most boring topics fascinating.Instructional design is the process of identifying the skills, knowledge, information and attitude gaps of a targeted audience and creating or selecting learning experiences that close this gap, based on instructional theory and best practices from the field. Ideally, workplace learning improves employee productivity and value and enhances self ...Instructional design is a practice that touches a range of industries and learners. By completing this certificate program, you will be prepared with the core knowledge necessary to create concise, informative and accurate learning methods. Expert Courses Designed to Build a Solid Foundation.Are you excited about getting your new Fire Stick up and running? Look no further. In this article, we will provide you with quick and easy instructions to set up your Fire Stick s...Dec 9, 2016 · What is Instructional Design. The Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) defines instructional design as “the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning” (Reiser, 2002, p. 1). 15 Apr 2020 ... Free Online Instructional Design Courses · Instructional Design Principles for Course Creation · Introduction to Instructional Systems Design ...A well-documented, theory-based treatment that focuses on instructional design’s application to industry and K-12 education. Offers extensive procedural assistance, emphasizing the foundations and first principles upon which most of the models and procedures in the field are built. An Extended Example (now online) showcases …Designing your own unique creations is an exciting endeavor that allows you to express your creativity and bring your vision to life. Before diving into the actual design process, ... Whether you are a teacher looking to transition into Instructional Design or a Learning Professional exploring how to evolve your skill set, this bite-sized, easily digestible course is for you. It has been designed to provide the most well-rounded exploration of what Instructional Design means and how you can effectively create meaningful E ... May 8, 2020 · Instructional Design (ID) oder Instruktionsdesign als bildungswissenschaftliche Disziplin erforscht und lehrt, wie Lernangebote bzw. Lernumgebungen auf der Grundlage empirisch fundierter Theorien und Befunde systematisch konzipiert werden sollten, wenn bestimmte Bildungsziele unter bestimmten Bedingungen zu erreichen sind. In this four-course certificate program, you’ll get a complete immersion in the art and science of e-learning and instructional design. We’ll cover the essentials of e-learning and the tools and techniques for developing and managing courses and programs. You’ll explore different ways to assess program quality and effectiveness.The instructional designer need not be focused on applying rigid “rules,” but instead should focus on how to think like an instructional designer while solving design problems. In the spirit of John Carmack’s quote, an instructional designer is, in essence, a type of educational engineer. This chapter, rather than merely walking through ...Instructional design is a system for creating material to help people learn new information and skills. It draws on the best practices of learning theory, psychology, …Graduates from UWF’s online B.S. in instructional design and technology program are prepared for roles in healthcare, government, U.S. military, business, corporate positions, K–12 and higher education, or any organization that has a need to improve performance or integrate technology in the workplace. UWF’s bachelors in instructional ...Designing your own unique creations is an exciting endeavor that allows you to express your creativity and bring your vision to life. Before diving into the actual design process, ...Unpacking instructional design: A gateway to enhanced learning. Instructional design, at its heart, is a systematic, user-focused process aimed at creating dynamic, engaging, and effective educational experiences. Its purpose is twofold: it seeks to simplify the process of learning, while ensuring knowledge retention through the development of .... Lex overstock